Leadership is not about being in charge, it is about taking care of those in your charge.
The essence of this idea perfectly captures Dr. Mwinyi’s journey from humble beginnings to becoming a leader driven by compassion and purpose. Having pursued a distinguished career in medicine, he is not just a statesman, but a healer by nature. His presidency symbolizes a national recovery, touching not only the political and economic aspects but also healing the hearts and minds of the people of Zanzibar, guiding them toward a brighter future.
1. Introduction.
As the soft sea breeze drifts through the ancient stone streets of Zanzibar, Dr. Hussein Ali Mwinyi rises as a figure of strength and purpose, a man influenced by the past yet focused on the future. Born on December 23, 1966, in Unguja, he carries the weight of a legacy.
His father, the late Hon. Ali Hassan Mwinyi, served as Zanzibar’s third president before going on to lead Tanzania, where he guided the nation through transformative years. Now, his son has taken up the mantle of leadership, steering Zanzibar toward a new era of possibility. In his hands, this island nation, rich in history and culture, has a leader who combines the wisdom of its past with a vision for the future.
Dr. Mwinyi’s story is not that of a conventional politician, it is the journey of a healer. Before he took office as Zanzibar’s eighth president, he spent years caring for the health of individuals as a physician. Today, he applies that same philosophy to his leadership, healing the wounds of a nation, not just its bodies but its soul.
He understands that Zanzibar, rich in history but challenged by modern realities, is at a fork in the road. The needs of its people are great, and their aspirations even greater. His presidency is a call to renew the social contract, to mend the divisions and bring about a national recovery grounded in unity, dignity, and prosperity.
Rising through the ranks of Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM), the party that has long molded Tanzanian politics, Dr. Mwinyi represents the continuity of leadership while also bringing a fresh approach. He draws strength from his political lineage, yet he builds on it with his own vision and distinct leadership style.
His governance shows a calm resolve, a commitment to sustainable development, and a belief in people-powered progress. In every policy and every decision, there is a physician’s care that is precise, thoughtful, and deeply human. He knows that a healthy nation is built not just through economic reform but through trust, community well-being, and equal access to opportunities.
Under his guidance, Zanzibar enters the dawn of a renaissance. His vision is ambitious yet grounded, aiming for a future where infrastructure lifts the people, where education fuels innovation, and where healthcare becomes a right, not a privilege. More than that, his leadership is about restoring hope.
In his hands, Zanzibar is not just an island, but a symbol of what can be achieved when compassion meets conviction and when a leader sees beyond the immediate, imagining a future where every citizen shares in the prosperity. Dr. Mwinyi is not simply leading a country, rather, he is forging a path forward for generations to come. His leadership is driven by the principles of Chama Cha Mapinduzi’s manifesto, incorporating the party’s policies, along with the support of President Samia Suluhu Hassan as the party chairperson. Together, they make certain that Zanzibar’s promise turns into the brilliance of its future through a collective vision for sustainable development.
2. Education.
Dr. Hussein Ali Mwinyi’s journey to leadership began with an exceptional education that took him across different continents, developing him into the globally minded leader he is today. His academic path commenced at Oysterbay Primary School from 1974 to 1977, where the seeds of his intellectual curiosity were planted. Shortly after, he moved to Egypt, where he completed his primary education at Manor House Junior School, earning his Certificate of Primary Education (CPEE) in 1980.
His educational experiences in different settings established a strong foundation in critical thinking and adaptability, traits that would become integral to his leadership style. His secondary education continued at Manor House Secondary School from 1981 to 1982, before he returned to Tanzania to complete his Certificate of Secondary Education Examination (CSEE) at Azania Secondary School from 1982 to 1984.
The pursuit of excellence didn’t stop there. In 1985, Dr. Mwinyi attended Tambaza High School for a brief period before starting his medical studies abroad. His commitment to service and public health took him to Marmara University in Turkey, where he earned his Medical Doctor degree after six years of intensive training from 1986 to 1992. This represented a defining moment in his life, as his passion for medicine laid the foundation for the compassionate leadership style he would later bring to the political arena. Dr. Mwinyi’s medical background set him apart, equipping him with both the scientific rigor and the empathy needed to care for and lead his nation.
Building on his medical expertise, Dr. Mwinyi sought further specialization at Hammersmith Hospital in London, where he pursued a master’s degree in internal medicine, graduating in 1994. He later earned his PhD from the same institution in 1997. This advanced training expanded his perspective and enriched his understanding of global health challenges. His education on different continents instilled in him a unique blend of cultural awareness, strategic foresight, and a deep sense of responsibility. His educational foundation equipped him to advocate for innovative solutions that would benefit Tanzanians, laying the groundwork for a brighter and more inclusive future.
2.1. Personal Life.
Born into a distinguished family steeped in a legacy of public service, he emerged as one of the twelve children of the late Hon. Ali Hassan Mwinyi, the second President of the United Republic of Tanzania. Under the supportive guidance of his mother, Sitti Mwinyi, who imparted invaluable lessons of compassion and leadership, his formative years were imbued with a profound sense of responsibility toward his community and nation. Growing up in an atmosphere where national service was not simply encouraged but revered, he absorbed these early influences, which profoundly molded his character and ignited an unshakeable commitment to serve.
In his personal life, he is a devoted husband and father, happily married to Mariam Herman. Their union represents a deep and lasting love and partnership, with their four children, namely Ibrahim, Jamila, Tariq, and Sitti, who bring joy and purpose to their lives. Though his public responsibilities are many, he remains closely connected to his family, always finding time to be present and involved in their lives. Balancing his family life with his duties feels natural to him, showing the strong bond they share. His presence as a loving father and supportive partner guides the course of his life, where love and responsibility come together seamlessly.
A man of deep faith and humility, he finds strength in his daily prayers and devotion, which are a cherished part of his personal life. Books are a constant companion, revealing his thirst for knowledge and self-improvement. His gentle nature is seen not only in his interactions but also in his disciplined approach to physical well-being, where regular exercise plays a valuable role. Beyond his personal practices, he holds his parents as his role models, influencing his values and character. However, when it comes to leadership, he also draws inspiration from the late former President Benjamin Mkapa, whose style of governance and modesty in public service deeply connect with him. A blend of faith, discipline, and respect for these guiding principles directs his path, both personally and as a leader.
3. From Practice to Teaching.
With a distinguished career in the medical field, Dr. Hussein Ali Mwinyi has shown a deep focus on healthcare and education. After earning his medical degree, he began his professional journey practicing medicine at Royal Sussex Hospital in Brighton, UK. Upon returning to Tanzania, his efforts to improve healthcare saw him working at both Muhimbili National Hospital, the country’s largest referral hospital, and Hubert Kairuki Memorial Hospital, where he made valuable contributions to patient care and clinical development.
His journey didn’t stop at clinical practice. Driven by a desire to impact the future of medicine in Tanzania, he also served as a senior lecturer at Hubert Kairuki Memorial University Medical School, sharing his knowledge and expertise with aspiring doctors. This role in academia allowed him to inspire the next generation of healthcare professionals, promoting the continuity of quality care and medical excellence in the country. His work in both clinical and academic settings revealed his balanced approach to healthcare, combining hands-on care with a dedication to education.
Through his career, covering hospitals and medical schools, he has left a meaningful imprint on Tanzania’s healthcare system. His contributions to patient care and the education of future medical professionals not only confirmed his place as a leading figure in the medical community but also equipped him with a unique perspective, preparing him for active participation in both the broader health policy dialogue and its formulation, based on service, compassion, and a deep understanding of public health needs.
4. Political Engagement.
The political journey of Dr. Hussein Ali Mwinyi within Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) uncovers his steady rise in leadership. His affiliation with the party began with a deep-seated commitment to its ideals, which established a strong platform for his future efforts. As he traversed the political arena, Dr. Mwinyi emerged as an influential force within CCM, skillfully influencing the party’s vision and priorities. His strong determination and strategic insights allowed him to assume increasingly important roles, where he contributed meaningfully to guiding the party toward its goals, ultimately securing his status as a respected figure within Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM).
He became a Member of the Central Committee, one of CCM’s most powerful bodies. In this position, Dr. Mwinyi was involved in developing the party’s internal policies, offering strategic guidance, and coordinating the party’s mission with the broader development goals of the country. His experience in the Central Committee established his reputation as a thoughtful leader who could bridge national priorities with party objectives.
Further expanding his influence, Dr. Mwinyi also served as a Member of the National Executive Committee (NEC). The NEC, being the decision-making organ of CCM, allowed him to engage deeply in the political administration of the party. His involvement in this committee showed his commitment to maintaining the party’s stability, unity, and its role in Tanzania’s political environment.
Dr. Mwinyi’s loyalty and service to the party were recognized when CCM nominated him as a candidate to contest for the parliamentary seat in the Mkuranga constituency from 2000 to 2005. His strong leadership earned him another nomination, this time for the Kwahani constituency, where he served from 2005 to 2020. In 2020, his political career reached a new height when CCM selected him to run for the presidency of Zanzibar, a position he secured. Today, Dr. Mwinyi serves as the Vice Chairman of CCM in Zanzibar, continuing his active role in guiding the party’s future.
4.1. A Legacy of Service and Advocacy.
As the only Tanzanian to serve as a Member of Parliament (MP) for both sides of the Union, his legacy represents his political prowess and dedication to public service. His journey began in 2000 when he triumphed in Mkuranga, securing the parliamentary seat by an overwhelming majority. In 2005, he crossed to Zanzibar’s Kwahani constituency, where he continued his winning streak with 6,239 votes, reaffirming his popularity in both regions. He held onto the trust of his constituents, winning re-elections in 2010 and 2015 with 5,277 and 6,297 votes, respectively. Such a rare achievement shows not just his political dexterity but his strong connection with the communities he represented.
Throughout his time in Parliament, Dr. Mwinyi’s impact extended beyond regional politics, directing national discussions through his involvement in important parliamentary committees. Between 2000 and 2005, he contributed greatly to the work of the Social Services Committee, where his efforts concentrated on improving healthcare, education, and social welfare. His participation in the Constitution, Legal Affairs, and Governance Committee from 2005 to 2010 had him actively engaged in legislative reforms. His knowledge of national security matters came through during his time on the Defence and Security Committee from 2010 to 2015. From 2015 to 2020, as a member of the Foreign Affairs, Security, and Defense Committee, Dr. Mwinyi continued to impact Tanzania’s policies, earning trust for his contributions in multiple sectors.
During his tenure as Member of Parliament for both constituencies, Dr. Mwinyi’s success stemmed from his strong advocacy for the people. He positioned himself as their voice, amplifying their concerns and making sure their needs reached the highest levels of governance. Through regular meetings and community forums, he engaged directly with his constituents, earning their lasting trust and respect. These interactions allowed him to understand and address the specific challenges they faced, bringing local issues to the forefront of national discussions. Dr. Mwinyi’s ability to connect with people, listen to their grievances, and work tirelessly on their behalf firmly established him as a true representative of the people, bridging the gap between governance and community.
As Member of Parliament, Dr. Mwinyi’s contributions extended beyond policy, bringing about tangible change. He led efforts that encouraged economic growth, attracted investments, and drove infrastructure development. By facilitating job creation and promoting sustainable development projects, he empowered local communities, making sure they experienced long-term economic and social benefits. His vision for a prosperous future led to real progress for the people, leaving a deep impact on the regions he represented. Dr. Mwinyi’s legacy shows his deep commitment, impactful leadership, and dedication to improving the lives of those he served.
4.2. A Decade of Leadership.
With an impressive record of leadership, Dr. Hussein Ali Mwinyi began his government career in December 2000 with his first important appointment as Deputy Minister of Health. In this role, he made meaningful contributions to healthcare reforms, improving service delivery in various regions of Tanzania. His outstanding performance in this capacity led to his promotion in January 2006 as Minister of State in the Vice President’s Office for Union Affairs, where he handled the relationship between Mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar. Dr. Mwinyi’s diplomatic skills and effective management of union matters helped maintain strong relations during a transformative era in the nation’s history. His efforts to promote cooperation and unity between the two regions helped maintain stability and steady progress throughout his tenure.
In February 2008, Dr. Mwinyi transitioned to the Ministry of Defence and National Service as its Minister, opening a new chapter in his career with responsibilities in national security and defense modernization. After four years, he returned to the health sector in May 2012, once again taking on the role of Minister of Health. During his tenure, Dr. Mwinyi guided reforms that improved the national healthcare system, expanding access to healthcare and addressing public health challenges throughout the country.
His impressive track record led to his reappointment to the Ministry of Defence and National Service in January 2014, following his successful leadership in the healthcare sector. His methodical approach to improving Tanzania’s defense capabilities brought about yet another reappointment after the 2015 elections, confirming the confidence his leadership inspired within the government. From 2015 to 2020, Dr. Mwinyi guided the Ministry with commitment to national security and defense planning. His nearly decade-long tenure shows his capacity to manage the demands of defense with consistency and expertise.
4.3. CCM’s Presidential Endorsement.
In 2020, the political scene of Zanzibar was electrified as 32 candidates stepped forward, eager to vie for the presidency under the banner of Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM). Each candidate eagerly collected nomination forms, fueled by ambition and dreams of leadership. However, as the deadline approached, one candidate hesitated, leaving 31 contenders ready to battle for the top spot. On July 4, 2020, an important moment arrived when the Special Committee of the National Executive Council (NEC) in Zanzibar gathered to carefully assess the qualifications and backgrounds of these hopefuls. The committee’s deliberations were thorough and thoughtful as they weighed the aspirations and potential of each candidate. Ultimately, the committee made a momentous decision, narrowing the field to just five exceptional individuals which included Dr. Khalid Salum Mohammed, Khamis Mussa Omar, Dr. Hussein Ali Mwinyi, Shamsi Vuai Nahodha, and Prof. Makame Mnyaa Mbarawa, while the remaining 26 candidates saw their hopes set aside in this intense process.
On July 9, 2020, the Central Committee (CC) of CCM gathered in Dodoma, taking on an important stage of the selection process. The room filled with anticipation as committee members carefully examined the remaining five candidates, confirming that each met the high standards set by the party. This was more than just a review, as it was a thoughtful assessment of who possessed the vision, capability, and dedication to lead. After weighing their qualifications with precision, the committee made its choice by selecting three contenders, which included Dr. Khalid Salum Mohammed, Shamsi Vuai Nahodha, and Dr. Hussein Ali Mwinyi, and submitted their names to the National Executive Council (NEC) for the final, deciding vote.
The atmosphere was charged as the National Executive Committee (NEC) assembled on July 10, 2020, for the decisive review of the three remaining candidates. After a meticulous vetting process, the NEC members cast their votes, ultimately naming Dr. Hussein Ali Mwinyi as their candidate to be endorsed by the General Assembly the next day, July 11, 2020. Dr. Mwinyi received overwhelming support, securing 129 votes, which represented 78.65% of the total cast by 164 NEC members. His closest rivals, Dr. Khalid Salim Mohammed and Shamsi Vuai Nahodha, garnered 19 votes (11.58%) and 16 votes (9.75%), respectively. The decisive victory cleared the path for Dr. Mwinyi to run for the presidency of Zanzibar under the CCM banner, opening the door to a new phase in his political journey.
5. Zanzibar’s 2020 Presidential Election.
Every five years, Zanzibar’s political scene comes alive as the Zanzibar Electoral Commission (ZEC) prepares to oversee the General Elections, an event structured by sections 90(1) and 91 of the Zanzibar Constitution of 1984 and section 34 of Election Act No. 4 of 2018. In 2020, the ZEC announced that the election would take place on October 28, 2020 under sections 34(3) and 34(4) of the Election Act, setting in motion one of the most eagerly awaited events in Zanzibar’s recent history. The announcement launched a charged period, with the people’s hopes for a brighter future tied to the decisions made at the polls.
In the lead-up to the big day, early voting took place on October 27, 2020, in compliance with section 82(2)(a)(b) of the Election Act No. 4 of 2018. This provision enabled those with important roles in the election, including security and defense personnel, to cast their votes a day ahead, allowing them to fulfill their duties without compromising their right to participate. Section 82(1) authorized the ZEC to establish the framework for early voting, which was designed to maintain fairness and preserve order, making sure that each person involved in overseeing the election had a voice, contributing to a smoothly run electoral process.
The stage was set in 2020 for a historic Presidential Election in Zanzibar, held on October 28, drawing 17 candidates from various political parties, each aspiring to shape the island’s future. Among these contenders was Dr. Hussein Ali Mwinyi, representing Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM), who emerged as a focal figure throughout the election season. When the votes were counted, Dr. Mwinyi claimed a sweeping victory, garnering 380,402 votes, representing 76.27% of the total cast, establishing his position as the people’s choice. The election saw an impressive turnout, with 498,786 participants, accounting for 88.07% of Zanzibar’s registered voters and celebrating a day of high engagement and public resolve. With this victory, Dr. Mwinyi appeared before the people on November 2, 2020, taking his oath as Zanzibar’s 8th President at a ceremony in Amani Stadium. There, he pledged to forge a government founded on justice, accountability, transparency, and equality, igniting a vision for a more unified and inclusive Zanzibar.
5.1. A Legacy of National Unity.
On July 31, 2010, Zanzibar witnessed a turning point as citizens flocked to the polls for a referendum that would transform the region’s political future. With a resounding 66.37% majority, the people voiced their support for the Government of National Unity (GNU), a system crafted to bridge the divisions that had marred the political climate for years. The referendum’s outcome revealed a collective yearning for peace and cooperation, a hope for a governance model that could bring stability and inclusiveness. The resulting decision led to a new era, an era defined by shared power between Zanzibar’s two largest political parties, laying a foundation for harmony and opening doors to unity that had long seemed out of reach.
As outlined in Section 39(3) of the Zanzibar Constitution, the Government of National Unity (GNU) requires the President to appoint the First Vice President from an opposition party that secures at least 10% of the vote in a presidential election. In the 2020 election, Maalim Seif Sharif Hamad, a widely respected opposition leader from ACT-Wazalendo, met this requirement with 99,103 votes, representing an impressive 19.87% of the total votes cast. His electoral achievement qualified him to serve as Zanzibar’s First Vice President under the GNU. When Maalim Seif was officially sworn in on December 8, 2020, it became more than just a formal event as it represented a fresh step toward bridging longstanding political divides and encouraging open dialogue. His appointment captured the GNU’s vision of balanced governance, creating a path for peace and cooperation, and affirming Zanzibar’s commitment to a shared future for all its people.
In the wake of Maalim Seif’s passing on February 17, 2021, President Hussein Ali Mwinyi moved swiftly to fulfill the constitutional provisions in Article 40(1) of the Zanzibar Constitution, which requires the appointment of a new First Vice President within 14 days. Working in consultation with ACT-Wazalendo, the party that Maalim Seif had represented, President Mwinyi appointed Mr. Othman Masoud Othman, a senior member of the opposition, to take on the role. The careful and seamless transition showed not only the political maturity of ACT-Wazalendo but also the dedication of both opposition and government to the principles of the Government of National Unity (GNU). President Mwinyi’s commitment to respecting the rule of law, as outlined in Article 9(3) of the Constitution, expressed his loyalty to constitutional values. His leadership in sustaining the GNU framework, despite the deep loss, displayed the strength of Zanzibar’s political system.
6. Zanzibar’s New Dawn Under Mwinyi.
Today, November 2, 2024, commemorates exactly four years of Dr. Hussein Ali Mwinyi’s leadership, during which he has introduced bold strategies and achieved considerable developmental progress. Guided by his slogan, “Yajayo ni neema tupu,” which translates to “The future holds nothing but blessings,” his administration’s commitment to the blue economy brings forward an ambitious vision. By prioritizing sectors such as fisheries, tourism, oil, and gas, Dr. Mwinyi aims to unlock Zanzibar’s full potential for sustainable development. That vision goes beyond generating revenue, seeking instead to create a stable economic foundation that places Zanzibar on the global stage. Through this forward-looking approach, the islands are poised to become a hub for local empowerment and international investment, driving long-term prosperity.
Tourism, a driving engine of Zanzibar’s economy, is approaching a new era of transformation under Dr. Mwinyi’s leadership, which has already spurred extensive development over the past four years. With an expansive vision, he plans to promote heritage tourism, as well as attract global meetings and sports events, featuring Zanzibar’s rich cultural diversity and unique capacity for hosting international gatherings. That strategic approach is designed not only to attract more visitors but also to stimulate economic growth and open up new employment opportunities, establishing tourism as a stable pillar of Zanzibar’s future. Alongside this, Dr. Mwinyi’s commitment to marine investments shows his dedication to uplifting the lives of citizens, with each sector working toward the well-being of the people at its heart.
Confronting youth employment, education, and healthcare, President Mwinyi’s strategy includes establishing technical colleges to equip young people with practical skills, along with the creation of 300,000 jobs across both private and public sectors. These efforts create various opportunities for the youth, including self-employment, showing the government’s commitment to overcoming challenges facing the younger generation. Investing in human capital through education and healthcare is equally meaningful, forming a steady platform for a thriving, healthy society that can actively contribute to national progress.
In the fight against corruption and political division, Dr. Mwinyi’s leadership has ignited a period of reform, combining transparency with unity. By equipping the Zanzibar Anti-Corruption and Economic Crimes Authority (ZAECA) to confront corruption decisively, he has set a clear standard of zero tolerance for misconduct, with integrity as a foundation of his administration. Yet, Dr. Mwinyi’s vision extends beyond fighting corruption, he understands that genuine progress demands a society moving together. To this end, he has worked to bridge Zanzibar’s political divides by forming a government of national unity, helping heal long-standing divisions and establishing common purpose. His dedication to both accountability and inclusion has laid the groundwork for a stable Zanzibar, where political diversity becomes a point of strength rather than conflict. Dr. Mwinyi’s leadership redefines governance on the islands, charting a path toward a transparent, fair, and prosperous future, placing Zanzibar as an inspiring example of hope and advancement on the world stage.
6.1. Economic Outlook.
Zanzibar’s fiscal performance in the first half of 2023/2024 was strong, with domestic revenue reaching TZS 709.8 billion, achieving 99.1 percent of the target. Tax revenue exceeded expectations at TZS 628.3 billion, reaching 101.1 percent of its target, while non-tax revenue contributed TZS 81.5 billion, hitting 86.2 percent of its goal. Grants, totaling TZS 26.8 billion, supported spending efforts, which remained well-managed and within available resources at 95.2 percent of the budget. Development expenditures made up 47.1 percent of the TZS 1,079 billion spent, with TZS 432.6 billion in local funding complemented by TZS 76.1 billion from foreign sources.
Forecasts suggest that Zanzibar’s economy will grow by 7.4 percent in 2024, driven by an improved business environment, strategic public investments, a revival in tourism, and targeted policy reforms. Supporting this recovery, the Zanzibar Investment Promotion Authority (ZIPA) registered 296 projects between 2020 and November 2023, bringing in a combined capital investment of 4.5 billion dollars. Covering sectors such as tourism, manufacturing, and real estate, these projects are anticipated to create over 17,000 jobs, fueling economic progress and opening up job opportunities for Zanzibaris.
Trade volumes surged to 1.4 trillion shillings in 2022, a sharp rise from 913 billion in 2020, while exports soared by 174.7 percent, climbing from 66.7 billion to 180 billion over the same period. The fishing sector, an important aspect of Zanzibar’s blue economy vision, has also experienced remarkable growth, with fish catches more than doubling from 38,107 tons in 2020 to 80,085 tons in 2023, generating 569 billion shillings in revenue. These developments demonstrate the government’s commitment to economic diversification and sustainable resource use, leading to tangible improvements in local livelihoods and positively impacting the economic outlook.
Inflation in Zanzibar has been effectively managed, decreasing to an average of 6.5 percent for 2023, down from 6.7 percent in the previous year, largely driven by a decline in non-food prices. Looking ahead, inflationary pressures are expected to remain moderate in the second half of 2023/24, projected to stay within the range of 3 to 5 percent. This stability is supported by prudent monetary policies, a steady food supply, and a stable exchange rate, creating an environment conducive to economic growth and consumer confidence. The government’s proactive measures demonstrate a commitment to maintaining economic stability, allowing businesses to thrive and improving the quality of life for citizens.
6.2. Zanzibar’s Progress in Development.
Zanzibar has made impressive progress in various sectors through its development plans, aligned with the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) 2020/2025 manifesto and the ambitious Vision 2050. Achievements include improvements in education and healthcare, shown by the establishment of 62 new schools at various levels and the construction of 10 district hospitals, along with a regional hospital at Lumumba in Unguja Urban District. The education budget experienced a remarkable 72% increase, soaring from 265.5 billion Tanzanian shillings in 2021/2022 to 457.2 billion shillings in 2023. The commitment to improving social services aims to raise the quality of life for all residents in Zanzibar, setting the stage for a brighter and more prosperous future. Complementing these efforts is the newly constructed Mwanakwerekwe Market Complex in Unguja West B District, with additional plans for further developments in the Jumbi, Chuini, and Mombasa areas of Unguja.
Under President Mwinyi’s leadership, infrastructure development has improved Zanzibar’s transport network, creating efficient connections and increasing mobility throughout the region. On land, 103.5 kilometers of trunk roads and 275 kilometers of feeder roads have been built to link communities. The construction of two flyovers at Amani and Mwanakwerekwe, funded with 116 million dollars, is underway, with completion anticipated by 2025 to further streamline transit. In air travel, the new Terminal III at Abeid Amani Karume International Airport (AAKIA) has attracted international airlines, raising the Zanzibar Airports Authority’s revenue from 11.6 billion shillings in 2019/2020 to 29.3 billion in 2022/2023. Passenger traffic grew from 1.6 million in 2019 to nearly 1.9 million in 2023, as AAKIA’s upgraded facilities now welcome a rising number of international travelers, establishing Zanzibar as a desirable destination for trade and tourism.
Recent developments in water supply projects in Zanzibar have achieved meaningful progress, providing much-needed relief to residents in both Unguja and Pemba. An impressive effort, supported by the Exim Bank of India, has facilitated the construction of 25 reserve tanks with a total capacity of 134 million liters. Additionally, another important undertaking, financed by the IMF through its COVID-19 relief fund, involves the development of 10 water storage tanks, each capable of holding 10 million liters. Collectively, these efforts aim to tackle longstanding water accessibility issues, providing a safe and dependable supply to underserved communities. The commitment to improving water infrastructure demonstrates the government’s determination to confront challenges impacting the daily lives of Zanzibaris.
In the context of sweeping healthcare reforms, President Mwinyi, a trained physician, has set ambitious targets for reducing mortality rates in Zanzibar. His administration aims to lower maternal deaths to fewer than 70 per 100,000 live births, neonatal deaths to 12 per 1,000 live births, and reduce the mortality rate for children under five years old to 25 deaths per 1,000 live births by 2030. These goals show the government’s commitment to decreasing preventable deaths and improving the health of Zanzibar’s population, while working in parallel with broader economic and social improvements within various sectors of the islands.
6.3. Zanzibar’s Blue Economy.
The Blue Economy promotes the sustainable use and conservation of aquatic resources within marine and freshwater environments, covering oceans, coastlines, rivers, lakes, and groundwater reserves. Introduced as a transformative concept at the 2012 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development in Rio de Janeiro, it includes activities that carefully utilize aquatic resources, such as fisheries, petroleum and natural gas extraction, and biotechnologies, along with those that depend on aquatic environments, such as maritime transport and tourism. For coastal and island regions like Zanzibar, the Blue Economy offers a pathway to sustainable growth, merging economic opportunities with the protection of marine and freshwater ecosystems that are indispensable for a thriving environment and community well-being.
Dr. Mwinyi’s administration in Zanzibar has initiated a groundbreaking partnership with the Government of Oman to bring the vision of the Blue Economy to life. Their collaborative approach prioritizes utilizing Zanzibar’s natural resources while promoting sustainable growth in important areas such as fisheries, tourism, oil and gas exploration, and seaweed farming. A fundamental aspect of this plan is the strategic development of Mangapwani and Bumbwini ports, which promise to unlock new opportunities for trade and improve responsible resource management. Through these efforts, Zanzibar is setting the stage for an economic transformation that respects both the environment and the well-being of its people, creating a future that is both strong and prosperous.
The Mangapwani multipurpose port in North Unguja will be a part of the Blue Economy, designed to accommodate a range of marine traffic, from liquid bulk goods to containers and fishing vessels. This state of the art facility will support offshore natural gas services and include dedicated infrastructure for the handling of oil and gas, as well as repair and construction services for marine vessels. By improving Zanzibar’s maritime capabilities, the port aims to raise the region’s role in international trade, positioning it as a hub for commerce and innovation on the global stage. The ambitious development promises to create new economic opportunities, generating jobs and improving livelihoods for the local community. As Zanzibar begins this journey, the Mangapwani port is set to play a meaningful role in building a successful future for the island.
Further developments within the Blue Economy model include the transformation of the Mpigaduri port into a special fishing hub. The government has already engaged with renowned investors who have agreed to invest over 6.3 billion dollars to empower activities at Mpigaduri, which will include the construction of industries and a fishing college. Meanwhile, the Malindi port will be revamped to primarily promote tourism, allowing big cruise ships to dock and turning the area into a major attraction. These efforts demonstrate the impressive capacity of the Blue Economy to drive economic growth and sustainability for Zanzibar, establishing the region as a leader in maritime commerce and environmental responsibility. As these projects unfold, they promise to enrich the lives of local communities while attracting global attention to Zanzibar’s unique maritime heritage.
6.4. Oil and Gas Autonomy.
Zanzibar’s movement toward independently managing its oil and gas resources began with a defining decision in April 2009, when the House of Representatives passed a resolution to remove these resources from Union matters. This bold move led to a 2010 constitutional amendment, officially granting Zanzibar control over oil and gas. Building on this momentum, 2011 saw the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar (RGoZ) and Ras al Khaimah form a collaborative venture, expanding ties with an emphasis on the petroleum sector. These milestones provided Zanzibar with a foundation to develop its own petroleum management framework, opening a path for the island’s vision of self-reliance and economic independence in energy resources.
In 2015, the United Republic of Tanzania’s enactment of the Petroleum Act No. 21 prompted Zanzibar to establish its own framework for oil and gas governance. This shift led to the creation of the Zanzibar Oil and Gas (Upstream) Policy, followed by the passage of the Oil and Gas (Upstream) Act. By November 2016, the Zanzibar Oil and Gas Act No. 6 was signed into law, representing a defining step in Zanzibar’s regulation of its petroleum industry. The establishment of the Zanzibar Petroleum Regulatory Authority (ZPRA) in March 2017 brought this vision closer, overseeing upstream petroleum operations. In June 2018, the Zanzibar Petroleum Development Company (ZPDC) was launched to manage the government’s commercial interests in oil and gas, supporting the island’s drive toward a self-sufficient future in energy resources.
Since taking office in 2020, President Hussein Mwinyi has infused Zanzibar’s oil and gas sector with fresh momentum and strategic vision. In a defining move in 2022, Tanzania’s then-Energy Minister January Makamba and Zanzibar’s Minister for Blue Economy and Fisheries at the time, Suleiman Masoud Makame, signed an agreement that enabled Zanzibar to independently manage its oil and gas industry. This moment included the handover of valuable exploration data from the 1950s for Blocks 9, 10, 11, 12, and the Zanzibar-Pemba Block. Building on this momentum, Dr. Mwinyi oversaw the launch of Zanzibar’s first offshore licensing round on March 20, 2024, opening 31,883 square kilometers spread over eight exploration blocks to international investors. The decision represents Zanzibar’s progress toward energy independence, setting the island on course as a developing player with the opportunity to transform its energy resources.
Building on the momentum of his administration’s achievements, President Hussein Mwinyi continued to drive Zanzibar’s energy ambitions forward with the announcement on September 27, 2024, of two new onshore oil and gas exploration blocks. Formed from the original Pemba-Zanzibar block after the expiration of a previous license held by RAK Gas LLC, these newly available blocks, Block 1 covering 6,572 square kilometers and Block 2 covering 6,242 square kilometers, are open to both local and international investors. This strategic division follows the objectives set out in the Zanzibar Development Vision 2050, the CCM Election Manifesto for 2020-2025, and the Blue Economy Policy launched in 2022, showing the island’s commitment to sustainable growth. Under Dr. Mwinyi’s leadership, Zanzibar’s oil and gas sector is steadily expanding, inviting partnerships with international companies to develop its natural resources and further support its economic foundation.
7. Conclusion.
As Zanzibar moves toward a promising future, the leadership of President Hussein Ali Mwinyi brings a blend of expertise and vision that deeply aligns with the island’s aspirations. A physician as well as a head of state, Dr. Mwinyi approaches Zanzibar’s development with a thorough understanding of the link between well-being, economic growth, and sustainable progress. His leadership not only drives growth in energy and resource management but also promotes the foundations of health, education, and community welfare. Under his guidance, the people of Zanzibar are experiencing a renewed sense of unity and shared purpose, with opportunities extending into multiple sectors, fueling hope for a strong and flourishing future for all.
In the words of Sir William Osler, The good physician treats the disease, the great physician treats the patient who has the disease, find new meaning in the leadership of President Hussein Ali Mwinyi. With a rare blend of medical insight and political vision, Dr. Mwinyi leads with a genuine commitment to the well-being of Zanzibar’s people. His leadership extends beyond policies, motivated by a deep understanding of the aspirations of every Zanzibari. Dr. Mwinyi pursues growth that surpasses immediate aims, establishing a basis for sustainable prosperity. By encouraging active community involvement, he promotes a sense of pride and shared purpose, giving citizens an empowered role in steering their nation’s future. His approach prioritizes inclusivity and authentic engagement, where every voice finds its place in Zanzibar’s journey forward. Through his unshakeable dedication to transparency and accountability, Dr. Mwinyi has built a strong bond of trust between the government and its people.
In the face of Zanzibar’s formidable challenges, Dr. Mwinyi’s leadership transforms adversity into a source of hope and determination. His strategic attention to important sectors such as tourism, the blue economy, and healthcare does more than stimulate economic growth, it improves the quality of life for all Zanzibaris. With ongoing improvements in infrastructure and expanded access to necessary services, the possibilities for sustainable development have never looked more promising. Dr. Mwinyi’s vision goes beyond immediate gains, creating an environment where innovation and community engagement can thrive. His commitment guarantees that these improvements create meaningful opportunities, empowering future generations to succeed in a flourishing and progressive Zanzibar.
In conclusion, Dr. Hussein Ali Mwinyi’s legacy will be defined by his deep commitment to unity and progress in Zanzibar. His leadership carries a spirit of healing and forward movement, setting the stage for a more inclusive society where each citizen can flourish. At this turning point, Dr. Mwinyi’s transformative approach goes beyond governance, creating a future filled with opportunity for every Zanzibari. With a commitment that runs deep and a compassionate vision, he is guiding the archipelago toward a brighter future that honors Zanzibar’s heritage while opening doors to new possibilities. His leadership has inspired speculation about whether he may one day follow in his father’s footsteps to lead Tanzania. Only time, along with his own choices, will reveal that path, but his impact on Zanzibar already shines with promise.
Thank you.
Written by Christopher Makwaia
Tel: +255 789 242 396
— The writer, is a University of West London graduate (formerly Thames Valley University) and an expert in Management, Leadership, International Business, Foreign Affairs, Global Marketing, Diplomacy, International Relations, Conflict Resolution, Negotiations, Security, Arms Control, Political Scientist, and a self-taught Computer Programmer and Web Developer.
